With his retinue the king went to look for himself. There, in the center of the lake, which was created from the oil. amidst a huge dome of embers, sat Master Padma and his consort upon a lotus flower, fresh, cool, and shining with dew drops. In order to liberate the beings through compassion, they were adorned with garlands of skulls. The king and the others were filled with wonder and. after prostrating and circumambulating the master, they offered this praise:

Having achieved the supreme accomplishment, your body is a great marvel.

Transcending birth and death, you took birth from a lotus bud.

You wear a garland of skulls to free samsara through compassion.

We praise your bodily form, Padma Vajra.

The king placed the foot of Master Padma above his head and requested him to become the supreme object of veneration at the court, but the master replied:

To conclude. I would like to thank His Holiness Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche for his encouragement to undertake this translation, the most venerable Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche for clarifying many difficult points, and the current upholders of Guru Rinpoche’s teachings who have given priceless inspiration, especially Tulku Pema Wangyal and Orgyen Tobgyal Rinpoche. Out of gratitude for their kindness. I engendered the wish to share this wondrous life story of the eminent master Padmasambhava. My deepest thanks go also to everyone who helped with the translation of the Sanglingma, especially to my wife Marcia. who checked all stages of the production; to Phinjo Sherpa, who repeatedly typed the manuscript and entered numerous correc­tions; to Franz-Karl Erhard for help in locating existing manu­scripts; and to Carol Faust for many helpful suggestions.

role of hypotheses, especially of the atomistic one; he also did interesting research on the methodological status of statistical laws, considering chance, which forms the basis of these laws (so-called ‘calculable chance’) to be a special kind of causal relation. The biologists, Benedykt Dybowski (1833-1930) and J6zef Nussbaum-Hilarowicz (1859-1917), engaged in polemics with Catholic philosophers hostile to Darwinism. Antoni Boles/aw Dobrowolski (1872-1954), a geophysicist and one of the founders of cryology (the science of low temperatures), criticized every ‘magic- mysticism* and speculative philosophy; he tried to create a science of science. On the other hand, Wladyslaw Natanson (1864-1939), an eminent physicist, claimed that science is perfectly compatible with religion. Samuel Dickstein (1851-1939), a mathematician and historian of science, expressed some interesting ideas concerning the philosophy of mathe­matics.

At the beginning of this century, Kazimierz Twardowski (1866-1938), a former student of Franz Brentano, proclaimed a program of exact philosophy. He analyzed different philosophical and psychological con­cepts and thus initiated analytical philosophy in Poland. He was the founder of the so-called Lwow-Warsaw school, which played a crucial role in Polish philosophy between the two World Wars when it had close tics with the Vienna Circle. The following co-workers of Twardowski were the main members of this school:

Tadeusz Kotarbiriski (1886-1981) proclaimed ‘reism’ or *concretism\ a version of materialism and nominalism (only concrete material things exist). His book. Elements of the Theory of Knowledge, Formal logic and Methodology of Science [1929J, played a great role in philosophical education in Poland, both before and after World War II. Kotarbinski was also a founder of ‘praxiology’, a general science of human action. Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890-1963) did very valuable research in formal logic and

In order to eliminate possible misinterpretation by observers con­cerning the causes of grass scarcity, only droughts with distinct hy- drological effects were considered. The criteria established by the National Climatic Data Center of groundwater supply and stream- flow were used in this analysis. Overland travelers reported dry springs, dry perennial tributaries, very low water levels in rivers, and dry riverbeds, conditions indicative of severe or extreme hydrological drought during twenty of the seventy-one years in which observa­tions were reported. With the exceptions of 1822, 1830, and 1874, droughts were documented by at least two observers and were never contradicted by other observations.

Water on the Great Plains

HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHTS AND THEIR IMPACTS

Documentary Evidence

Half of the hydrological drought years were observed during the forty-six-year period 1805-1850, with four of these occurring during 1841-1850. Seven hydrological drought years were documented dur­ing the 1855-1865 period, thus substantiating the conclusion arrived at by dendroclimatologists. The problem with respect to the dendro- climatic studies is that only three of the remaining thirteen hydrolog­ical drought years that were substantiated by first-hand field obser­vation (i.e., 1822, 1842, and 1874) matched the findings from tree- ring analyses.

There arc several possible explanations for these differences. Droughts that were observed in 1833 and 1877 may not have been detected because they were too remote from sites from which mod­ern tree-ring chronologies were constructed. The drought in 1830 in eastern and central Kansas was observed in the fall and may have begun after the spring and early summer period of primary tree-ring growth.

The purpose of this book is to show how this area, with its three dominant characteristics, affected the various peoples, nations as well as individuals, who came to take and occupy it, and was affected by them; for this land, with the unity given it by its three dominant characteristics, has from the begin­ning worked its inexorable effect upon nature’s children. The historical truth that becomes apparent in the end is that the Great Plains have bent and molded Anglo-American life, have destroyed traditions, and have influenced institutions in a most singular manner.

The Great Plains offered such a contrast to the region east of the ninety-eighth meridian, the region with which Ameri­can civilization had been familiar until about 1840, as to bring about a marked change in the ways of pioneering and living. For two centuries American pioneers had been working out a technique for the utilization of the humid regions east of the Mississippi River. They had found solutions for their problems and were conquering the frontier at a steadily ac­celerating rate. Then in the early nineteenth century they crossed the Mississippi and came out on the Great Plains, an environment with which they had had no experience. The result was a complete though temporary breakdown of the machinery and ways of pioneering. They began to make adjustments, and this book is the story of those adjustments.As one contrasts the civilization of the Great Plains with that of the eastern timberland, one sees what may be called an institutional fault (comparable to a geological fault) run­ning from middle Texas to Illinois or Dakota, roughly fol­lowing the ninety-eighth meridian. At this fault the ways of life and of living changed. Practically every institution that was carried across it was either broken and remade or else greatly altered. The ways of travel, the weapons, the method ol tilling the soil, the plows and other agricultural implements, and even the laws themselves were modified.

I find this abuse prevailing among my most accomplished adversar­ies. But oncc establish the proper verbal custom, let the word ‘truth’ rep­resent a property of the idea, ccasc to make it something mysteriously connected with the object known, and the path opens fair and wide, as I believe, to the discussion of radical empiricism on its merits. Hie truth of an idea will then mean only its workings, or that in it which by ordi­nary psychological laws sets up those workings; it will mean neither the idea’s object, nor anything ’saltatory’ inside the idea, that terms drawn from cxpcricncc cannot describe. One word more, ere I end this preface. A distinction is sometimes made between Dewey, Schillcr and myself, as if I, in supposing the object’s existence, made a concession to popular prejudice which thev, as unroll themselves in time. Whenever certain intermediaries are given, such that, as thev develop towards their terminus, there is cxpcricncc from point to point of one direction followed, and finally of one process fulfilled, the result is that their starting- point thereby becomes a knower and their terminus an object meant or known.

Sour-crout, sliced cabbage packed closely with layers.

and firmly pressed together, is preserved with little change, except what appears advantageous, viz. the acetous fermentation, from whence its appellation is derived. It seems to be a very useful aliment, and a pleasing, as well as a wholesome, condiment, with the usual salt provision.

As drinks, cyder and spruce beer are highly useful. The latter may be easily prepared from the extract of the spruce fir, which is uninjured by keeping. The most salutary drink, however, either as such, or a medi­cine, is the sweet-wort Three parts of boiling water are poured on one of ground malt, which, when well packed in small casks, is uninjured by any climate for a considerable length of time It is ground in a hand- mill when used, and is suffered to infuse for ten or twelve hours, when the clear liquor is poured off. By these means the scurvy is often prevented, and high degrees of it are cured eveu at sea. A necessary pre­caution, however, is to take in vegetables at every land where the ship touches; and, while the stock lasts, to feed the crew almost wholly on them.

I HERE put into thy hands, what has been the diversion of some of my idle and heavy hours: if it has the good luck to prove so of any of thine, and thou hast but half so much pleasure in reading, as I had in writing it, thou wilt as littie think thy money, as I do my pams, ill bestowed. Mistake not this far a commendation of my work; nor conclude, because I was pleased with the dokig of it, that therefore I am fondly taken with it now it is done. He that hawks at larks and sparrows, has nq less sport, though a much less con­siderable quarry, than he that flies at nobler game: and he is little acquainted with the subject of this treatise, the understanding, who does not know, that as it is the most elevated fhcUlty of the soul, so it is employed with a greater, and mere constant, delight, than any of the other. Its searches after truth, are a sort of hawfc* ing and hunting, wherein the very pursuit makes a great part of the pleasure. Every step the mind takes in its progress towards knowledge, makes some discovery, which is not only new, but the best too, for the time at least.

For the understanding, like the eye, judging of objects only by its own sight, cannot but be pleased with what it disco vers, having less regret for what has escaped it, because it is unknown.

Modern practice employs few remedies. Yet, as we have more than once shown, simplicity of prescription is the delusive meteor that has sometimes led us astray. (See Combination of medicines.) In general, however, we agree with an author, whose name has escaped us, that long formulae are proofs of either ig­norance or deceit.

It has been doubted whether there are any specific medicines. As usual, the question requires only to be explained to approach at least to a decision. If it be meant whether a specific stimulus exists, the position must be granted. If, then, there be such, the medi­cine which possesses this stimulus is, to a certain degree, a specific ; but if it be meant whether any medicine can cure a disease by Ruch peculiar inherent powers as are neither warranted by its general properties, or our knowledge of the nature of the complaint, we must hesi­tate in our answer. The number of supposed specifics, by a more careful investigation, have not been found pe­culiarly powerful in the disease to which they were sup* posed to be exclusively adapted j and we have only left on the list the peruvian bark and mercury in intermittents and the lues venerea. The former, however, has now lost this proportion of its credit, since other tonics, particularly the arsenic, is found of equal or superior efficacy. The pretensions of mercury to the character of a specific we have lately investigated (see Li) ks) ; and when we consider the history of the numerous individuals sup­posed to belong to this class, we are disposed to con­clude, that, as usual, ignorance is the parent of our ad­miration. Had we any medicine of efficacy to com­pare with mercury we should discover its relations, and, of course, the cause of its general utility. We have made some steps in this u\c\\my “vtv att\c\e ivist quoted

rst di­vide all its adhesions internally with a scalpel, and with a straight pair of scissars, or rather with a sharp scalpel, as the scissars bruise the parts, cut off the callous edges, so as to make an angle at its upper part. The operator must then pierce the upj»2r end of the divided part with a silver pin, armed with a steel point, at about one-third of an inch from the edge of the wound; bring the point nearly to the bottom of the sore, and raise it again through the surface at the distance of nearly one-third of an inch. A thread must be next passed across each end of the pin, to draw the lips of the wound together, and like a figure of eight. Another pin is passed through the middle of the lip in the same way, and a third near the other extremity of the fissure. The wound is secured by thread in the same manner, round each pin, and the steel points, which usually fasten by screws, are taken off. A pledget of digestive over the whole will keep the thread soft.

LAB

Mr. Pott observes, that when the hare-lip is double, it sometimes happens that the middle portion contracts, and the bone projects. In this case, the projecting bone must be removed by means of a chisel; the contracted part of the lip then brought down and detained by a bandage. The operation is afterwards performed as in the single hare-lip, suffering each side to be thoroughly healed before the subsequent operation is attempted, ‘lhe pins should not be moved before the sixth or seventh day, and then the stitches must be first cut, to that the flesh is securely joined before the pins are moved. When a part of the bone is cut away, the wound must be healed previous to the operation on the lip. See Le Dran’s Operations; Heister’s Surgery; Sharp’s Operations; Bell’s Surgery, vol. iv. p. 149; White’s Surgery, p. 26Q.